Kugeza ubu, Ubushinwa bw’imodoka n’ibice byinjira mu nganda zingana na 1: 1, n’ingufu z’imodoka 1: 1.7 ziracyahari icyuho, inganda z’ibice nini ariko ntizikomeye, urunigi rw’inganda rugana epfo na ruguru hari byinshi bitagenda neza.Intangiriro yamarushanwa yinganda zikoresha amamodoka kwisi yose ni sisitemu yo gushyigikira, ni ukuvuga urunigi rwinganda, irushanwa ryagaciro.Kubwibyo rero, hindura imiterere yuburyo bwo hejuru no mumasoko yinganda, kwihutisha kwishyira hamwe no guhanga udushya twinshi, kubaka urwego rwigenga, umutekano kandi rushobora kugenzurwa, no kuzamura umwanya wubushinwa mumurongo winganda ku isi, ni imbaraga za endogenous kandi zifatika ibisabwa kugirango tugere ku majyambere meza yoherezwa mu mahanga.
Ibice n'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga muri rusange birahagaze
1. 2020 Ubushinwa nibice byoherezwa mu mahanga bigabanuka ku kigero cyo hejuru ugereranije n’imodoka zuzuye
Kuva mu 2015, ibice by'imodoka y'Ubushinwa (harimo ibice by'imodoka, ibice by'ibicuruzwa, ibirahure, amapine, kimwe hepfo) ihindagurika ryoherezwa mu mahanga ntabwo ari rinini.Usibye ibyoherezwa mu mahanga birenga miliyari 60 z'amadolari, indi myaka ireremba kandi ikamanuka kuri miliyari 55 z'amadolari, bisa n'ibigenda byoherezwa mu mahanga buri mwaka imodoka yose.2020, Ubushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga hejuru ya miliyari 71 z'amadolari, ibice bingana na 78.0%.Muri byo, imodoka zose zohereza mu mahanga miliyari 15.735 z'amadolari, zikamanuka 3,6% umwaka ushize;ibice byoherezwa mu mahanga miliyari 55.397 z'amadolari, bikamanuka 5.9% umwaka ushize, igipimo cyo kugabanuka ugereranije n’imodoka yose.Ugereranije na 2019, itandukaniro rya buri kwezi mu kohereza ibicuruzwa n'ibigize muri 2020 biragaragara.Ingaruka z’iki cyorezo, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga byagabanutse kugeza muri Gashyantare, ariko muri Werurwe byagarutse ku rwego rw’icyo gihe cyashize;kubera ubushake buke ku masoko yo hanze, amezi ane yakurikiyeho yarakomeje kumanuka, kugeza muri Kanama ahagarara neza kandi yongera kwiyongera, Nzeri kugeza Ukuboza ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byakomeje kugenda ku rwego rwo hejuru.Ugereranije n’ibinyabiziga byoherezwa mu mahanga, ibice n'ibigize kuruta ibinyabiziga ukwezi 1 mbere yigihe kimwe cyumwaka ushize ugaruka kurwego, birashobora kugaragara ko ibice nibice bigize sensibilité yisoko bikomeye.
2. Ibice byimodoka byohereza mubice byingenzi nibikoresho
Muri 2020, Ubushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga ibice by'ingenzi miliyari 23.021 z'amadolari y'Amerika, bikamanuka kuri 4.7% umwaka ushize, bingana na 41,6%;ibikoresho bya zeru byohereza mu mahanga miliyari 19.654 z'amadolari y'Amerika, bikamanuka 3,9% umwaka ushize, bingana na 35.5%;ibirahuri by'imodoka byohereza miliyari 1.087 z'amadolari y'Amerika, bikamanuka 5.2%;amapine y'imodoka yohereza miliyari 11.635 z'amadolari y'Amerika, yagabanutseho 11.2%.Ibirahuri by'imodoka byoherezwa cyane cyane muri Amerika, Ubuyapani, Ubudage, Koreya y'Epfo ndetse no mu bindi bihugu gakondo bikoresha amamodoka, amapine y'imodoka yoherezwa muri Amerika, Mexico, Arabiya Sawudite, Ubwongereza n'andi masoko akomeye yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze.
By'umwihariko, ibyiciro by'ingenzi by'ibice by'ingenzi byoherezwa mu mahanga ni uburyo bwa feri na feri, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga byari miliyari 5.041 na miliyari 4.943 z'amadolari y'Amerika, ahanini byoherezwa muri Amerika, Ubuyapani, Mexico, Ubudage.Ku bijyanye n’ibice by’ibicuruzwa, gutwikira umubiri n’ibiziga nibyo byiciro by’ingenzi byoherezwa mu mahanga mu 2020, bifite agaciro ka miliyari 6.435 na miliyari 4.865 z’amadolari y’Amerika, muri byo ibiziga byoherezwa muri Amerika, Ubuyapani, Mexico, Tayilande.
3. Amasoko yoherezwa mu mahanga yibanze muri Aziya, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru n'Uburayi
Aziya (iyi ngingo yerekeza ku bindi bice bya Aziya ukuyemo Ubushinwa, kimwe hepfo), Amerika y'Amajyaruguru n'Uburayi ni isoko nyamukuru ryohereza ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa.2020, Ibice by'ingenzi by'Ubushinwa byohereza isoko rinini ni Aziya, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga miliyari 7.494 z'amadolari, bingana na 32.6%;hakurikiraho Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga miliyari 6.076 z'amadolari, bingana na 26.4%;ibyoherezwa mu Burayi miliyari 5.902, bingana na 25,6%.Ku bijyanye na zeru ibikoresho, ibyoherezwa muri Aziya bingana na 42.9 ku ijana;ibyoherezwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru miliyari 5.065 z'amadolari y'Amerika, bingana na 25.8 ku ijana;ibyoherezwa mu Burayi miliyari 3.371 z'amadolari y'Amerika, bingana na 17.2 ku ijana.
Nubwo hari ubushyamirane mu bucuruzi hagati y’Ubushinwa na Amerika, Ubushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa muri Amerika muri Amerika mu mwaka wa 2020 bwaragabanutse, ariko niba ari ibice by'ingenzi cyangwa ibikoresho bya zeru, Amerika iracyafite ibicuruzwa byinshi byohereza ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga Amerika yari hafi 24% by'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga arenga miliyari 10 z'amadolari y'Amerika.Muri byo, ibice byingenzi byibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga kuri sisitemu ya feri, sisitemu yo guhagarika na sisitemu yo kuyobora, ibikoresho bya zeru byoherezwa mu mahanga by’ibiziga bya aluminiyumu, umubiri n’ibikoresho byo kumurika amashanyarazi.Ibindi bihugu bifite ibicuruzwa byinshi byoherezwa mu mahanga n’ibikoresho birimo Ubuyapani, Koreya yepfo na Mexico.
4. RCEP yo mu karere inganda zikoresha amamodoka mu mahanga
Muri 2020, Ubuyapani, Koreya y'Epfo na Tayilande nibyo bihugu bitatu bya mbere mu karere ka RCEP (Amasezerano y’ubukungu y’ubukungu mu karere) mu bijyanye no kohereza ibicuruzwa by’ibikoresho n’ibikoresho by’imodoka z’Ubushinwa.Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Buyapani ahanini ni ibiziga bya aluminiyumu, umubiri, itsinda ryogukoresha umuriro, sisitemu ya feri, umufuka windege, nibindi.;ibicuruzwa byoherezwa muri Koreya yepfo ahanini ni insinga zo gutwika, umubiri, sisitemu yo kuyobora, umufuka windege, nibindi.;ibicuruzwa byoherezwa muri Tayilande ahanini ni umubiri, aluminium alloy ibiziga, sisitemu yo kuyobora, sisitemu ya feri, nibindi.
Hariho ihindagurika mubice bitumizwa mumyaka yashize
1. kwiyongera gake mubice byubushinwa bitumizwa mu 2020
Kuva mu 2015 kugeza 2018, ibicuruzwa by’imodoka bitumizwa mu Bushinwa byerekanaga ko bizamuka uko umwaka utashye;muri 2019, habaye igabanuka ryinshi, aho ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga byagabanutseho 12.4% ku mwaka;muri 2020, nubwo yibasiwe n'iki cyorezo, ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga byageze kuri miliyari 32.113 z'amadolari y'Amerika, byiyongereyeho 0.4% ugereranije n'umwaka ushize, bitewe n'ikibazo gikomeye cy’imbere mu gihugu.
Uhereye ku cyerekezo cya buri kwezi, kwinjiza ibice nibigize muri 2020 byagaragaje icyerekezo gito mbere na nyuma yicyerekezo kinini.Ingingo ngarukamwaka yari muri Mata kugeza Gicurasi, ahanini biterwa no kubura isoko ryatewe no gukwirakwiza icyorezo mu mahanga.Kuva aho umutekano uhagaze muri Kamena, ibigo by’imodoka zo mu gihugu kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bitangwe neza, byongere nkana ibarura ry’ibicuruzwa, ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga mu gice cya kabiri cy’umwaka bihora bikora ku rwego rwo hejuru.
2. Ibice byingenzi bingana na 70% byinjira hanze
Muri 2020, ibice by'ibinyabiziga by'Ubushinwa bitumiza mu mahanga miliyari 21.642 z'amadolari y'Amerika, bikamanuka 2,5% umwaka ushize, bingana na 67.4%;ibikoresho bya zeru bitumiza miliyari 9.42 z'amadolari y'Amerika, byiyongereyeho 7.0% umwaka ushize, bingana na 29.3%;ibirahuri by'imodoka bitumiza miliyari 4.232 z'amadolari y'Amerika, byiyongereyeho 20.3% umwaka ushize;amapine y'imodoka atumiza miliyari 6.24 z'amadolari y'Amerika, agabanukaho 2.0% umwaka ushize.
Uhereye ku bice by'ingenzi, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga byinjije kimwe cya kabiri cyuzuye.2020, Ubushinwa bwatumije mu mahanga miliyari 10.439 z'amadolari yoherezwa mu mahanga, bugabanukaho gato 0,6% umwaka ushize, bingana na 48% by'ibicuruzwa byose, aho ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga ari Ubuyapani, Ubudage, Amerika na Koreya y'Epfo.Ibi bikurikirwa na frame na lisansi / moteri ya gaze gasanzwe.Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga ni Ubudage, Amerika, Ubuyapani na Otirishiya, na moteri ya lisansi / gaze gasanzwe itumizwa mu Buyapani, Suwede, Amerika n'Ubudage.
Ku bijyanye no gutumiza mu mahanga ibikoresho bya zeru, ubwishingizi bw'umubiri bwagize 55% by'ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga miliyari 5.157 z'amadolari, byiyongereyeho 11.4% umwaka ushize, ibihugu nyamukuru bitumiza mu mahanga ni Ubudage, Porutugali, Amerika n'Ubuyapani.Ibikoresho byo kumurika ibinyabiziga bitumiza miliyari 1.929 z'amadolari, byiyongereyeho 12.5% umwaka ushize, bingana na 20%, cyane cyane muri Mexico, Repubulika ya Ceki, Ubudage na Slowakiya ndetse no mu bindi bihugu.Twabibutsa ko, hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryiterambere rya tekinoroji ya cockpit yo murugo no gushyigikirwa, kwinjiza ibicuruzwa bya zeru bifitanye isano bigenda bigabanuka uko umwaka utashye.
3. Uburayi nisoko nyamukuru itumizwa mubice
Muri 2020, Uburayi na Aziya nisoko nyamukuru itumizwa mu Bushinwa ibice byingenzi by’imodoka.Ibicuruzwa byaturutse mu Burayi byageze kuri miliyari 9.767 z'amadolari, byiyongereyeho 0.1% umwaka ushize, bingana na 45.1%;ibicuruzwa byatumijwe muri Aziya bingana na miliyari 9.126 z'amadolari, byagabanutseho 10.8% umwaka ushize, bingana na 42.2%.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, isoko rinini ritumizwa mu mahanga ku bikoresho bya zeru naryo ni Uburayi, aho ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga miliyari 5.992, byiyongereyeho 5.4% umwaka ushize, bingana na 63,6%;hagakurikiraho Aziya, hamwe na miliyari 1.860 z'amadolari yatumijwe mu mahanga, yagabanutseho 10.0% umwaka ushize, bingana na 19.7%.
Muri 2020, Ubushinwa butumiza mu mahanga ibinyabiziga by'ingenzi ni Ubuyapani, Ubudage na Amerika.Muri byo, ibicuruzwa byatumijwe muri Amerika byiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara, aho umwaka ushize byiyongereyeho 48.5%, kandi ibicuruzwa nyamukuru bitumizwa mu mahanga ni byohereza, gufatira hamwe na sisitemu yo kuyobora.Ibice n'ibikoresho bitumizwa mu bihugu cyane cyane Ubudage, Mexico na Ubuyapani.Ibicuruzwa biva mu Budage miliyari 2.399 z'amadolari y'Amerika, byiyongereyeho 1.5%, bingana na 25.5%.
4. Mu karere ka RCEP amasezerano, Ubushinwa bushingiye cyane kubicuruzwa byabayapani
Muri 2020, Ubuyapani, Koreya yepfo, Tayilande byashyize mubihugu bitatu bya mbere by’Ubushinwa bitumiza mu mahanga ibice by’imodoka n’ibikoresho by’ibanze biva mu karere ka RCEP, hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byinjira cyane muhererekanya n’ibice, moteri n’imibiri ku binyabiziga bimura 1 ~ 3L, kandi biri hejuru kwishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa by'Ubuyapani.Mu karere ka RCEP amasezerano, uhereye ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga, 79% yo kohereza no gutwara imodoka ntoya byinjira mu Buyapani, 99% bya moteri y’imodoka biva mu Buyapani, 85% by’umubiri biva mu Buyapani.
Gutezimbere ibice bifitanye isano rya hafi nisoko ryimodoka yose
1. Ibice nibigize ibigo bigomba kugenda imbere yimodoka yose
Duhereye kuri sisitemu ya politiki, politiki yinganda zitwara ibinyabiziga mu gihugu cyane cyane hafi yimodoka kugirango itere imbere, ibice nibigize ibigo bigira "uruhare rwo gushyigikira" gusa;duhereye ku byoherezwa mu mahanga, ibinyabiziga byigenga byigenga, amapine n'ibirahure ku masoko mpuzamahanga kugira ngo bigire umwanya, mu gihe agaciro kongerewe agaciro, inyungu nyinshi z’ibanze bigize iterambere ryihishe inyuma.Nka nganda shingiro, ibice byimodoka birimo urwego runini rwinganda zinganda ni ndende, nta nganda endogenous drive hamwe niterambere rifatanije, biragoye gutera intambwe mubuhanga bwibanze.Birakwiye ko twerekana ko mubihe byashize, uruganda nyamukuru rubaho gusa kugirango dukurikirane uruhande rumwe kubyerekeye inyungu ku isoko, kandi abatanga isoko yo hejuru bakomeza gusa umubano woroshye wo gutanga no gusaba, ntabwo wagize uruhare muguteza imbere inganda zanyuma. urunigi.
Uhereye ku miterere y’inganda z’ibice, OEM nini nk’imirasire y’ibanze ku isi yashyizeho amatsinda atatu akomeye y’inganda: Amerika nk’ibanze, n’amasezerano y’Amerika na Mexico na Kanada yo gukomeza uruganda rw’inganda zo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. ;Ubudage, Ubufaransa nkibyingenzi, ihuriro ryinganda zi Burayi zikoresha imirasire mu Burayi bwo Hagati n’Uburasirazuba;Ubushinwa, Ubuyapani, Koreya yepfo nkibyingenzi byinganda zinganda zo muri Aziya.Kugirango utsinde inyungu zinyuranye kumasoko mpuzamahanga, ibigo byigenga byimodoka byigenga bigomba gukoresha neza ingaruka zinganda zinganda, kwitondera imikoranire yumurongo utanga isoko, kongera igishushanyo mbonera, ubushakashatsi niterambere no kwishyira hamwe imbaraga, kandi ushishikarize ibice byigenga byigenga kujya mu nyanja hamwe, na mbere yimodoka yose.
2. Abatanga imitwe yigenga batangiza mugihe cyamahirwe yiterambere
Icyorezo gifite ingaruka z'igihe gito kandi kirekire ku itangwa ry’ibinyabiziga ku isi, bizagirira akamaro ibigo bikuru by’imbere mu gihugu bifite imiterere y’umusaruro ku isi.Mu gihe gito, icyorezo cyadindije inshuro nyinshi umusaruro w’abatanga ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, mu gihe ibigo by’imbere mu gihugu ari byo bya mbere byongeye gukora imirimo n’umusaruro, kandi amabwiriza amwe adashobora gutangwa ku gihe ashobora guhatirwa guhindura abatanga ibicuruzwa, bigatanga igihe cy’idirishya mu gihugu ibice ibigo kugirango bagure ubucuruzi bwabo mumahanga.Mu gihe kirekire, mu rwego rwo kugabanya ingaruka zo kugabanuka kw’ibicuruzwa byo hanze, OEM nyinshi zizaba zitanga isoko ryigenga muri sisitemu yo gushyigikira, ibice by’imbere mu gihugu biteganijwe ko byihuta.Inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zombi zizunguruka niterambere ryibintu bibiri, murwego rwo kuzamuka kw isoko rito, amahirwe yinganda arashobora gutegurwa.
3. “Ibishya bine” bizahindura imiterere y'uruganda rukora amamodoka
Kugeza ubu, ibintu bine bya macro, birimo kuyobora politiki, ishingiro ry’ubukungu, gushishikarira imibereho no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga, byihutishije ubworozi kandi biteza imbere “bine bishya” by’inganda z’imodoka - gutandukanya ingufu, guhuza imiyoboro, ubwenge no gusangira.Abakora ibicuruzwa bazabyara ibicuruzwa byabigenewe ukurikije ingendo zitandukanye zigendanwa;Umusaruro ushingiye kumurongo uzahita usubiramo ibinyabiziga imbere;n'umusaruro woroshye uzafasha kongera umurongo wo gukora neza.Gukura kwikoranabuhanga ryogukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, guhuza inganda 5G, hamwe no gutahura buhoro buhoro ibintu bisangiwe byubwenge bisangiwe bizasubiramo cyane imiterere yurwego rwimodoka zizaza.Sisitemu eshatu z'amashanyarazi (bateri, moteri n'amashanyarazi) ziterwa no kuzamuka kw'amashanyarazi bizasimbuza moteri gakondo yo gutwika imbere kandi ibe intandaro yuzuye;umutware wingenzi wubwenge - chip yimodoka, inkunga ya ADAS na AI bizahinduka ingingo nshya yamakimbirane;nkigice cyingenzi cyumuyoboro uhuza, C-V2X, ikarita ihanitse, ikarita yigenga yo gutwara ibinyabiziga hamwe no gukorana na politiki Ibintu bine byingenzi byo gutwara ibura birabuze.
Nyuma yisoko itanga amahirwe yiterambere kumasosiyete yibice
Nk’uko byatangajwe na OICA (World Organisation of Automobile), mu mwaka wa 2020, nyir'imodoka ku isi azaba miliyari 1.491 n'amasosiyete y'ibice by'Ubushinwa agomba gukoresha ayo mahirwe cyane.
Muri Amerika, nk'urugero, guhera mu mpera za 2019, muri Amerika hari imodoka zigera kuri miliyoni 280;ibinyabiziga byose byagendaga muri Amerika muri 2019 byari kilometero 3.27 (hafi kilometero 5.26), ugereranije ikinyabiziga gifite imyaka 11.8.Ubwiyongere bwibirometero byimodoka butwarwa no kwiyongera kwimyaka yimodoka igenda itera kwiyongera mubice byanyuma no gusana no gukoresha neza.Nk’uko byatangajwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’abatanga amamodoka muri Amerika (AASA), ngo nyuma y’imodoka yo muri Amerika biteganijwe ko izagera kuri miliyari 308 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu mwaka wa 2019. Isoko ryiyongereye ku isoko rizungukira byinshi mu masosiyete yibanda kuri serivisi z’imodoka, harimo abacuruza ibice, abatanga serivisi ndetse n’abatunganya serivisi, yakoresheje abadandaza imodoka, nibindi, nibyiza kubushinwa bwimodoka yohereza hanze.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, nyuma y’iburayi bifite amahirwe menshi.Dukurikije imibare y’ishyirahamwe ry’abakora ibinyabiziga mu Burayi (ACEA), impuzandengo y’imodoka z’i Burayi ni imyaka 10.5.Umugabane wamasoko muri sisitemu ya OEM yo mubudage iringaniye cyane niyindi nzira yigenga-yigenga.Ku isoko ryo gusana no gusimbuza serivisi zipine, kubungabunga, ubwiza no kwambara no kurira, sisitemu yigenga yigenga byibuze 50% byisoko;mugihe mubucuruzi bubiri bwo gusana imashini n'amashanyarazi hamwe no gutera ibyuma, sisitemu ya OEM ifata kimwe cya kabiri cyisoko.Kugeza ubu, Ubudage butumiza mu bice by’imodoka cyane cyane biva muri Repubulika ya Ceki, Polonye ndetse n’abandi batanga OEM yo mu Burayi bwo Hagati n’Uburasirazuba, ibicuruzwa biva mu Bushinwa ku bicuruzwa bikuru nk’amapine, amakariso ya feri.Mu bihe biri imbere, ibigo by’Ubushinwa birashobora kongera kwagura isoko ry’iburayi.
Inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zirimo ikinyejana cyiterambere cyigihe kinini cyamadirishya, mugihe urunigi rwinganda rugana hejuru nu ruganda rwimodoka rwimodoka rwagendanaga narwo, muguhuza, kuvugurura, inzira ikomeye yo guhatana, gukenera gufata amahirwe yo kwikomeza. no kuzuza ibitagenda neza.Komera ku iterambere ryigenga, fata inzira yo kumenyekanisha mpuzamahanga, ni amahitamo byanze bikunze yo kuzamura inganda z’imodoka mu Bushinwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-25-2022