I. Igipimo cyisoko ryimbere mu gihugu no mumahanga
1 scale Igipimo cyisoko ryimbere mu gihugu
Ubwiyongere bwibikenerwa ku isoko kuri feri bifitanye isano rya bugufi niterambere ryinganda zimodoka (umusaruro wimodoka na nyirubwite bigena umusaruro wibikoresho bya feri, kandi hariho isano rikomeye hagati yacyo no gukora feri no kugurisha), kandi byihuse Iterambere ry’inganda z’imodoka mu Bushinwa rizateza imbere icyarimwe iterambere ry’abakora feri.Mbere na mbere, Ubushinwa muri iki gihe bufite abakora ibinyabiziga birenga 300 hamwe n’inganda zirenga 600 zo guhindura imodoka, buri mwaka umusaruro w’imodoka zigera kuri miliyoni 18, kandi ukenera cyane feri ya feri, aho usanga igihugu gikenera buri mwaka miliyoni 300 za feri amakariso.Umwaka wa 2010 umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu, agaciro kinjira n’ibicuruzwa byinjira mu guterana no gufunga ibikoresho byageze ku iterambere ry’imibare ibiri, hamwe n’umusaruro wose (usibye ibikoresho bitarangiye) wa toni 875.600, wiyongereyeho 20,73% umwaka ushize.Umusaruro wose (usibye ibicuruzwa byarangiye) wari toni 875.600, wiyongereyeho 20,73% umwaka ushize;ibicuruzwa byose byasohotse byari miliyari 16,6, byiyongereyeho 28.35% umwaka ushize;amafaranga yagurishijwe yari miliyari 16, yiyongereyeho 30.25% umwaka ushize.
Iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga mu Bushinwa rizafasha mu buryo butaziguye iterambere rimwe icyarimwe ry’abakora feri, kandi bizagira ingaruka ku isoko ry’ejo hazaza h’ibikoresho bya feri y’imodoka uhereye ku bubiko bwa feri no kwiyongera.Ku isoko ryimigabane, nkuko feri yerekana ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa, inshuro zo kuvugurura birihuta, kandi gutunga imodoka nini bizamura ibyifuzo bya feri mumasoko yimbere mu gihugu;icyarimwe, mumasoko yiyongera, umusaruro no kugurisha bituma feri ikomeza gukenerwa cyane kumasoko yunganira.Kubera iyo mpamvu, ikibazo cy’imari mpuzamahanga cyatumye ubukungu bw’isi bugabanuka cyane ku nganda za feri zagiye zicika buhoro buhoro, ibimenyetso byo kongera inganda byagaragaye, inganda za feri zitangiza amahirwe akomeye yo kwiteza imbere.
Nk’uko imibare ibigaragaza, Ubushinwa butanga ibikoresho byo guteranya ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa bifite abarenga 470, harimo imishinga irenga 40 ihuriweho n’Ubushinwa n’amahanga ndetse n’ibigo by’amahanga byose.Ibarurishamibare ryerekana ko mu mwaka wa 2010, Ubushinwa bw’ibikoresho byo guteranya ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga buri mwaka biva kuri toni 426.000 z’ibicuruzwa bivangwa n’ibicuruzwa, ibicuruzwa byose hamwe bikaba byinjije miliyari 8.53, ibyoherezwa mu mahanga miliyari 3.18, muri byo ibikoresho byo guteranya imodoka bingana na 80% by’ibicuruzwa byose.Inganda z’ibikoresho byo guterana mu Bushinwa muri rusange urwego rw’ikoranabuhanga mu musaruro rwazamutse ku buryo bugaragara, inganda zimwe na zimwe zikomeye zageze ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
2, ingano yisoko mpuzamahanga
Nk’uko imibare y’ishyirahamwe ry’abakora ibinyabiziga ku isi (OICA) ibigaragaza, ku isi isanzwe ifite miliyoni 900 z’imodoka, kandi ikaba ikomeje kwiyongera ku kigero cya miliyoni 30 ku mwaka, biteganijwe ko mu 2020, nyir'imodoka ku isi azagera kuri miliyari 1,2 .
Nk’uko ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu (IEA) kibitangaza, mu mwaka wa 2020, isoko mpuzamahanga rya feri y’ibinyabiziga rizarenga miliyari 15 z'amadolari.Iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zikoresha amamodoka n’inganda zikora ibinyabiziga, Ubushinwa buzahinduka ikigo mpuzamahanga gitunganyirizwa hamwe n’ahantu hagura ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga, kandi n’abakora feri y’imodoka mu Bushinwa bazatsinda imigabane myinshi ku isoko mpuzamahanga.
2010 kwisi feri padi isoko ryibanze ryigihugu isesengura ryibikorwa
(1), Amerika
Mu Kuboza 2010, kugurisha imodoka ku isoko muri Amerika byakomeje kwiyongera cyane kuva mu Kuboza 2009, bigera kuri miliyoni 7.73, hamwe n’isoko ry’imodoka ry’Amerika ryagiye ryiyongera buhoro buhoro, biteza imbere ibice by’imodoka muri Amerika bishyigikira igipimo cy’isoko, nk'uko amakuru abigaragaza abigaragaza muri Mutarama kugeza Ukuboza 2010, amafaranga yo kugurisha feri yo muri Amerika yinjije miliyari 6.5 z'amadolari, yiyongereyeho 21%.
(2), Ubuyapani
Ubuyapani ni kimwe mu bice icumi by’imodoka ku isi bishyigikira isoko, kubera ko Ubuyapani bwateye imbere mu buhanga bwo gutunganya ibice by’imodoka ndetse n’isoko rikenewe cyane mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yarwo, Mutarama-Ukuboza 2010 amafaranga yinjira mu bicuruzwa bya feri y’imodoka yageze kuri miliyari 4.1 z'amadolari y’umwaka ku mwaka 13%, ibicuruzwa byingenzi byo kohereza hanze feri yimodoka ifasha gukoresha.
(3), Ubudage
Dukurikije isesengura ry’amakuru afite ishingiro, umusaruro w’imodoka mu Budage wazamutseho 18% umwaka ushize ugera ku bice 413.500 mu Kuboza 2010. Isoko ry’imodoka zo mu gihugu rikunda gukura, ikoranabuhanga rya feri yo mu Budage ryateye imbere cyane, umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu no kugurisha ibintu kugirango habeho iterambere ryinshi, 2010 feri yimodoka ya Mutarama kugeza Ukuboza kugirango igere ku bicuruzwa byinjije miliyari 3.2 z'amadolari ya Amerika, byiyongereyeho 8%.
Igice cy'ibicuruzwa
Amashanyarazi ya feri akoreshwa mubwinshi mubicuruzwa byimbere mu gihugu: 95% byama feri mubushinwa bikoreshwa mugihe cyanyuma, hamwe na seti zigera kuri miliyoni 95.
Ikigereranyo cya feri yo murugo ishyigikira ikinyabiziga cyose ni gito.Kugeza ubu, 5% gusa yo kugurisha buri mwaka ibicuruzwa byigenga mu nganda za feri zikoreshwa muri OEM zo mu gihugu.
Umubare wa feri yerekana feri yimodoka yose ni miliyoni 5.
Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho mpuzamahanga bisanzwe byo guterana amagambo ni kimwe cya kabiri cyuma, icyuma gito, ceramique, ibikoresho kama ibyiciro bine, icyerekezo cyiterambere ni ugukura igice cya metani metallic, kunoza ibyuma bike, iterambere rya NAO.Ariko, kuri ubu, asibesitosi (kuyikoresha byari bibujijwe na leta mu 1999) amakariso ya feri mu Bushinwa aracyafite igice kinini mu bice bimwe na bimwe, cyane cyane ku isoko rya feri y’ibinyabiziga biremereye cyane.Kubera ko fibre ya asibesitosi irimo ibintu bya kanseri, ibihugu byinshi ku isi byashyize umukono ku masezerano y’ubumwe yanga ikoreshwa rya asibesitosi.
Dukurikije amakuru afatika, ku masoko y’amahanga, nta asibesitosi, ibyuma bike, ibikoresho byo guteranya ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije (bizwi kandi ko ari ibikoresho byo guteranya ubwoko bwa NAO) hashize imyaka irenga icumi bitangiye kuzamura isoko;ibihugu bimwe byo mu Burayi no muri Amerika byagiye bibuza ibikoresho byo guteranya ibintu byangiza ibyuma biremereye ndetse n’amategeko agenga umuringa.Mu gihe kiri imbere, ibikubiye muri asibesitosi n'ibikoresho by'ibyuma biremereye mu bikoresho byo guterana bizahinduka ibikoresho byoherejwe byoherezwa mu Burayi no muri Amerika kubuza ubucuruzi.Kubwibyo, nta rusaku, nta ivu n’ahantu hatabora, ubuzima bwa serivisi ndende, gufata feri neza no kurengera ibidukikije, kurandura burundu ibicuruzwa bya feri ya asibesitosi, nicyerekezo cyiza cyo gukurikiza inzira yiterambere ryisi.
Inganda zikora feri zo mu Bushinwa zihura n’impinduka ebyiri zikomeye zo kurengera ibidukikije n’imikorere ihanitse, ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije bikora cyane byangiza feri usibye guhura n’ubushyuhe bukabije, umuvuduko muke, ihagarikwa ry’imisemburo n’ibindi bisabwa, bigomba no kugira ihindagurika rito , urusaku ruke, ivu nibindi biranga ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, ubu ni tekinoroji yo gutunganya ibintu byo guteranya ibintu, tekinoroji yo gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo, tekinoroji yo gutegura ibikoresho bivanze, ikoranabuhanga ryihuta, tekinoroji yo kuvura ubushyuhe hamwe nogukurikirana tekinoroji yo kuvura nibindi bisabwa hejuru.
Dukurikije imibare y’ishyirahamwe ry’ibikoresho byo mu Bushinwa bivanga n’ibidodo, Ubushinwa bukora feri y’ibinyabiziga mu Bushinwa bifite hafi 500 cyangwa birenga, ariko ibice birenga 80% by’ibigo ni bito.Hamwe n’iterambere ry’urwego rusange rw’inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga mu Bushinwa, inganda z’imodoka ziragenda zihinduka buhoro buhoro ziva ku kwibanda ku giciro cy’ibikoresho bya feri kugeza kwibanda ku bwiza n’ubuhanga bwa tekinike ya feri, kwibanda ku isoko bizakomeza gutera imbere, kandi amaherezo ishingwa ryimbaraga za tekiniki zipiganwa hagati yinganda.
Mu gihe inganda z’imodoka z’Ubushinwa zatangiye bitinze, umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu w’icyitegererezo cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru ahanini ni uw'Uburayi, Amerika, Ubuyapani, Koreya y'Epfo ndetse n'ibindi bihugu, kandi feri yo gufata amamodoka ni ibintu by'ingenzi bigize umutekano, amasosiyete akora amamodoka azwi cyane aragenzura cyane hejuru yabo.Nk’uko imibare y’ishyirahamwe ry’ibihimbano hamwe n’ibidodo by’Ubushinwa ibigaragaza, 85% by’ibikoresho byo gufata feri yo mu gihugu muri iki gihe biterwa n’ibitumizwa mu mahanga, uruganda rukora feri yo mu gihugu rushobora guhatanira isoko cyane cyane rwibanda ku byuma by’imodoka by’ubucuruzi, imodoka ntoya yo mu rwego rwo hasi hamwe na feri yerekana feri na micro imodoka ya feri yamasoko.Icyakora, kubera iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’imodoka z’Ubushinwa no guhindura politiki y’inganda z’ibihugu byateye imbere ndetse n’ingaruka z’ibiciro, urwego mpuzamahanga rutanga amasoko rwimukira mu Bushinwa.
Nk’uko imibare y’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare ibigaragaza, mu mwaka wa 2010 icyifuzo cy’isoko rya feri cya feri cyari hafi miliyari 2.5 z'amayero, bingana na 25% by'isoko rusange rya feri.
Icya gatatu, imiterere yibikorwa byimbere mu gihugu, ikoranabuhanga niterambere ryibicuruzwa nandi makuru
Kugeza ubu, ubushobozi bwo kubyaza umusaruro urwego rwa tekiniki rwibigo bimwe na bimwe byo mu gihugu bivangavanze mu modoka biri hafi y’iterambere ry’isi, kandi ibigo byinshi byateye imbere biriyongera cyane.Nubwo ubushobozi bw’umusaruro n’urwego rwa tekiniki rw’inganda z’imodoka z’Ubushinwa zateye imbere cyane, ariko amahame y’inganda arasubira inyuma cyane, nubwo ibisabwa na OEM yo mu gihugu bidahuye.Gufata isura yubushyuhe bwa plaque, kurugero, ibihingwa byakira kugeza 300 ℃, mugihe ibipimo byigihugu bitanga 200 ℃ byujuje ibisabwa.Kubera impamvu zitandukanye, kuvugurura amahame yigihugu ntabwo byatangiye rwose mumyaka mike ishize.
Ikindi kibazo kigaragara ni uko, ku masosiyete ateranya ibinyabiziga, ubushakashatsi bwigenga n'ubushobozi bwiterambere bigaragarira cyane cyane mubushakashatsi bwibikorwa bifatika.Nubwo iterambere ryihuse mumyaka yashize, ariko kubera kwirundanya kwishoramari rito, inganda zivanze n’imodoka mu gihugu ku musaruro w’impinduka n’ubushakashatsi bwigenga n’ishoramari ry’iterambere biri munsi ya bagenzi babo bo mu mahanga.Ibipimo byinganda bikiri inyuma, isosiyete ikora feri ifite ishoramari rito mubushakashatsi niterambere, bitewe nimpamvu nyinshi, inganda za feri zo murugo hamwe ninganda ziracyafite inzira ndende.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-07-2022